Publications

Billings, S., Ziegler, S.E. In press. Altered patterns of soil carbon substrate usage and heterotrophic respiration in a pine forest with elevated CO2 and N fertilization. Global Change Biology.

Haavik, L., Stephen, F., Fierke, M., Salisbury, V., Leavitt, S., Billings, S. In press. Tree ring d13C and historical growth patterns as indicators of Northern red oak (Quercus rubra Fagaceae) susceptibility to red oak borer (Enapholodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)). Forest Ecology and Management.

Billings, S., Gaydess, E. In press. Soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in a fragmented landscape experiencing forest succession. Landscape Ecology.

Schaeffer, S.M., Billings, S., Evans, R.D. 2007. Laboratory incubations reveal potential responses of soil nitrogen cycling to changes in soil C and N availability in Mojave Desert soils exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology 13: 854-865, DOI 10.111/j.1365-2486.2007.01324.x  

Billings, S. 2006. Soil organic matter dynamics and land use change at a grassland/ forest ecotone. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 2934-2943.  

Billings, S., Richter, D.D. 2006. Changes in stable isotopic signatures of soil nitrogen and carbon during forty years of forest development. Oecologia 148: 325-333, DOI 10.1007/s00442-006-0366-7.  

Billings, S., Brewer, C.M., Foster, B. 2006. Incorporation of plant residues into soil organic matter fractions with grassland management practices in the North American Midwest. Ecosystems 9: DOI: 10.1007/s10021-006-0080-7.  

Billings, S., Ziegler S. 2005. Linking microbial activity and soil organic matter transformations in forest soils under elevated CO2. Global Change Biology 11:203-212.  

Billings, S., Schaeffer, S.M., Evans, R.D. 2004. Response of soil microbial activity and N mineralization to elevated CO2 in Mojave Desert soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18:GB1011, doi:10,1029/2003GB002137.  

Billings, S., Zitzer, S., Weatherley, H., Schaeffer, S.M., Charlet, T., Arnone, J., Evans, R.D. 2003. Effects of elevated CO2 on green tissue and litter quality in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem. Global Change Biology 5:729-735.  

Billings, S., Schaeffer, S.M., Evans, R.D. 2003. Nitrogen fixation by biological soil crusts and free-living bacteria in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem with elevated CO2 and added soil carbon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35:643-649.  

Schaeffer, S.M., Billings, S.A., Evans, R.D. 2003. Responses of nitrogen dynamics in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem to manipulations in soil carbon and nitrogen availability. Oecologia 134:547-553.  

Billings, S., Schaeffer, S.M., Zitzer, S., Evans, R.D. 2002. Trace N gas losses and N mineralization in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem with elevated CO2. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34:1777-1784.  

Billings, S., Schaeffer, S.M., Zitzer, S., Charlet, T., Smith, S.D., Evans, R.D. 2002. Alterations of nitrogen dynamics under elevated CO2 in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem: evidence from d13C. Oecologia 131:463-467.  

Yarie, J., Billings, S. 2002. Carbon balance of the taiga forest within Alaska: present and future. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32:757-767.

Billings, S., Richter, D., Yarie, J. 2000. Sensitivity of soil methane fluxes to an altered precipitation regime in boreal forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32:1431-1441. 

Billings, S., Richter, D., Yarie, J. 1998. Soil carbon dioxide fluxes and profile concentrations in two boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:1773-1783.